Treacher Collins Syndrome: A Rare and Special Case Report of a 9-Year-Old Boy from Saudi Arabia

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by downslanting palpebral fissures on both sides, malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, and external ear abnormalities. Hypoplasia of the zygomatic bones and jaw may make it difficult to eat and breathe. TCS, also known as Franceschetti syndrome or mandibulofacial dysostosis, is an autosomal dominant craniofacial condition with a wide range of symptoms. Edward Treacher Collins (1862?1932), an English ophthalmologist, first defined the syndrome’s fundamental characteristics in 1900. This syndrome is approximately affecting 1 in 50,000 live births with equal gender affection. In Saudi Arabia, it follows a similar pattern of prevalence. Antimongoloid slanting palpebral fissures, colobomas of the lower eyelid, hypoplasia of the zygoma and mandible, auditory microtia, conductive hearing loss, obstructive sleep apnea, and a range of orofacial abnormalities are the most prevalent clinical symptoms of TCS. In this case report, the author describes a deep-rooted analysis of the clinical features of TCS in a 9-year-old boy as well as his follow-up case. The study was conducted for a period of 9 years from birth to 9 year-old age, which makes this case report as a special rare 9-year follow-up case report from Saudi Arabia.

Descripción clínica y hallazgos polisomnográficos en tres pacientes con Síndrome de Treacher Collins / Clinical description and polysomnographic findings in three patients with Treacher Collins

El Síndrome de Treacher Collins (STC) es una enfermedad congénita del desarrollo craneofacial, siendo una complicación frecuente la obstrucción de la vía aérea. Objetivo: Describir clínicamente tres casos de STC y sus hallazgos polisomnográficos. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Revisión de fichas clínicas y polisomnografías (PSG). Resultados: Se incluyeron tres pacientes con STC, de 1, 17 y 20 años, dos hombres. Todos presentaron malformaciones faciales compatibles con el STC. El paciente menor tuvo apneas desde el nacimiento. En las PSG, todos presentaron eficiencia del sueño disminuida e índice de microdespertares aumentado. Solo un paciente tuvo diagnóstico de Síndrome de Apnea/Hipoapnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAHOS) severo. Conclusiones: Aún cuando las anomalías craneofaciales no difirieron entre los pacientes, hubo sólo un caso de SAHOS severo. Las otras alteraciones descritas en la PSG afectan la calidad de vida, siendo relevante la búsqueda activa de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en estos pacientes.

Treacher Collins Syndrome (STC) is a congenital craniofacial disorder, being the airway obstruction a frequent complication. Objective: To describe clinical and polysomnographic findings of three cases with STC. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study. Review of clinical records and nocturnal polysomnography was carried out. Results: Three patients with STC were included of 1, 17 and 20 years old, two were males. All of them with facial malformations compatible with STC. Only the youngest presented apneas since birth. All patients had decreased sleep efficiency and increased arousal index. Only one patient presented with severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Conclusions: Despite the fact that all the patients had similar craniofacial anomalies, only one presented with severe OSAS. The other abnormalities described in the polysomnography affect the quality of life, being relevant performing an active screening of breathing-related sleep disorders in these patients.

Revisión bibliográfica sobre síndrome de Treacher Collins / Treacher Collins síndrome: A review

INTRODUCTION: Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare disorder of the craniofacial development that constitutes a challenge for anesthesiologists, since it represents a difficult airway in the majority of cases. The main objective of this article is to provide a bibliographic review about how the airway management of patients with Treacher Collins syndrome has been managed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE and ScienceDirect. DISCUSSION: The factors that increase the risk of difficult airway in these patients are presented as well as the strategies to handle it. CONCLUSION: The Treacher Collins syndrome presents a high risk of difficult airway, therefore careful planning of airway management is mandatory and there are different strategies to handle it.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de Treacher Collins (STC) es un trastorno inusual del desarrollo craneofacial que constituye un reto para el anestesiólogo, ya que éste condiciona la condición de vía aérea difícil en la mayoría de los casos. El objetivo principal de este artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de cómo se han manejado casos de vía aérea difícil ligados al síndrome de Treacher Collins. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, EMBASE y ScienceDirect. DISCUSIÓN: Se presentan los factores que aumentan el riesgo de vía aérea difícil en estos pacientes, así como las estrategias para manejarla. CONCLUSIÓN: El síndrome de Treacher Collins presenta un alto riesgo de vía aérea difícil, por lo tanto, es obligatoria la planificación cuidadosa de la misma, contando con diferentes estrategias para manejarla.

A linguagem na Síndrome de Treacher Collins: uma análise dialógica / Language in Treacher Collins Syndrome: a dialogical analysis

RESUMO A Síndrome de Treacher Collins ou Disostose Mandibulofacial é decorrente de mutações genéticas e caracterizada por malformações craniofaciais. Crianças com essa síndrome podem apresentar dificuldades cognitivas, linguísticas e psicomotoras. São raras as publicações que discorrem sobre a complexidade de seus aspectos terapêuticos, especialmente, voltados à evolução clínica vinculada à linguagem. O presente estudo objetiva analisar o processo terapêutico voltado à oralidade de um menino com essa síndrome, considerando a natureza dialógica da linguagem. Trata-se de um estudo de caso longitudinal e prospectivo, realizado em uma clínica-escola de uma Universidade, situada no sul do Brasil, durante quatro anos, desde 2012 até 2016. Os dados foram coletados a partir de gravações semanais do paciente em interação com os seus terapeutas, sendo, também, considerados os registros arquivados em seu prontuário. Os resultados indicam que a criança apresentou evolução no que se refere à apropriação da linguagem oral. Apesar das dificuldades na produção vocal e na articulação de fonemas, decorrentes de alterações craniofaciais próprias da síndrome em questão, as atividades dialógicas estabelecidas entre o menino, seus terapeutas e sua família, propiciaram mudanças gradativas no seu posicionamento em relação ao outro e à linguagem. Inicialmente, ele fazia uso de gestos, mímicas faciais, apontamentos, os quais eram compreendidos apenas pelas pessoas que faziam parte do seu cotidiano. Atualmente, além dos recursos gestuais, ele passou a usar a oralidade para participar de práticas interativas, indicando mais autonomia para interagir com seus interlocutores.

ABSTRACT The Treacher Collins Syndrome or Mandibulofacial dysostosis is due to genetic mutations and characterized by craniofacial malformations. Children with this syndrome may present cognitive, linguistic and psychomotor difficulties. There are few publications that discuss the complexity of its therapeutic aspects, especially those focused on language clinical evolution. The present study aims to analyze a speech - language clinical work on oral language of a boy who has this syndrome, considering the dialogical nature of language. This is a longitudinal and prospective case study, carried out in a university clinic located in the south of Brazil, during four years, from 2012 to 2016. Data were collected from weekly recordings of the patient interacting with his therapists, and also from his record files. The results indicate that this child presented oral language appropriation evolution. Despite his vocal production and phonemes articulation´s difficulties, due to his craniofacial alterations that characterize this syndrome, the dialogical activities established between the child, his therapists and his family, caused gradual changes in his language use. Initially, he used gestures, facial mimics, pointing, which were understood only by people who were part of his daily life. Nowadays, he still uses gestures, but he also began to use oral language to participate in interactive practices, which indicates his autonomy to interact with other people.

Management of obstructive sleep apnea in a Treacher Collins syndrome patient using distraction osteogenesis of the mandible

In this study, we present the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in a child with Treacher Collins syndrome. A 10-year-old girl with a past history of Treacher Collins syndrome presented to our clinic with her parents for respiratory distress and insomnia. The patient was referred to a sleep laboratory where she was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, which was a consequence of her Treacher Collins syndrome. The patient underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis under general anesthesia. The mandible was expanded by 15 mm using internal bilateral distractors. After distraction osteogenesis, the patient’s respiratory problems resolved, and she was able to sleep comfortably. Distraction osteogenesis was an effective method of advancing the mandible, increasing the upper airway space and ultimately preventing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with Treacher Collins syndrome.

Hearing rehabilitation in Treacher Collins Syndrome with bone anchored hearing aid / Reabilitação auditiva na Síndrome de Treacher Collins por meio de prótese auditiva ancorada no osso

Objective: To describe a case of hearing rehabilitation with bone anchored hearing aid in a patient with Treacher Collins syndrome. Case description: 3 years old patient, male, with Treacher Collins syndrome and severe complications due to the syndrome, mostly related to the upper airway and hearing. He had bilateral atresia of external auditory canals, and malformation of the pinna. The initial hearing rehabilitation was with bone vibration arch, but there was poor acceptance due the discomfort caused by skull compression. It was prescribed a model of bone-anchored hearing aid, in soft band format. The results were evaluated through behavioral hearing tests and questionnaires Meaningful Use of Speech Scale (MUSS) and Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS). Comments: The patient had a higher acceptance of the bone-anchored hearing aid compared to the traditional bone vibration arch. Audiological tests and the speech and auditory skills assessments also showed better communication and hearing outcomes. The bone-anchored hearing aid is a good option in hearing rehabilitation in this syndrome.

Objetivo: Descrever um caso de reabilitação auditiva por meio do uso de prótese auditiva ancorada no osso em um paciente portador da síndrome de Treacher Collins. Descrição do caso: Paciente de três anos, masculino, portador da síndrome de Treacher Collins, com complicações graves relacionadas à síndrome, principalmente de vias aéreas altas e audição. Apresentava atresia de condutos auditivos externos bilateralmente, além de malformação dos pavilhões auditivos. Para reabilitação auditiva inicial foi indicado aparelho auditivo em arco de vibração óssea, porém houve péssima aceitação pelo desconforto causado pela compressão no crânio. Foi indicado como método opcional um modelo de prótese auditiva ancorada no osso, no formato softband. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de testes auditivos comportamentais e dos questionários Meaningful Use of Speech Scale (Muss) e Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-Mais). Comentários: O paciente teve uma excelente aceitação da prótese auditiva ancorada no osso quando comparada com o tradicional arco de vibração óssea. Os testes audiológicos, bem como as avaliações de habilidades de fala e de audição, também demonstraram melhores capacidades de comunicação e audição. Esse equipamento mostra-se uma boa opção na reabilitação auditiva de portadores dessa síndrome.

Evolution of a child with Treacher Collins syndrome undergoing physiotherapeutic treatment / Evolução de uma criança com síndrome de Treacher Collins em tratamento fisioterapêutico

AbstractIntroduction Treacher Collins syndrome, or mandibulofacial dysostosis, is a hereditary disorder and is manifested by craniofacial malformations. The incidence is close to one case per 40,000 live births, without relation to gender or race. The infant carrier may present neurological development. This rare syndrome requires documentation of its main clinical and kinetic-functional consequences.Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and kinetic-functional findings for a child who has Treacher Collins syndrome and receives treatment in the Physiotherapy Department at the Pestalozzi Association in Goiania, and to present the evolution of motor function and psychomotor development during rehabilitation.Materials and methods The information was obtained through interviews with the mother, and evaluation of the child at nine and eleven months old, using the infant neurological assessment sheet, Inventory Operational Portage (IPO) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM).Results The GMFM showed that the child had a higher trend in the items for lying and rolling, sitting, crawling and kneeling and minor changes in the items for standing, walking, running and jumping. In the IPO, the child progressed in all of the assessed areas: infant stimulation, motor development, socialization, self-care, cognition and language.Conclusion The child showed progress in psychomotor development in accordance with that expected for their age and initial assessment. It is suggested that children with this syndrome be treated by multidisciplinary teams in the first years of life, preventing delays and deviations in development.

ResumoIntrodução A síndrome de Treacher Collins ou Disostose Mandibulofacial é um distúrbio hereditário e manifesta-se por malformações craniofaciais. A incidência aproxima-se de um caso a cada 40.000 nascidos vivos, sem interferência de sexo ou raça. A criança com essa síndrome pode apresentar atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. A síndrome possui rara documentação, sendo necessário o esclarecimento de suas principais consequências, achados clínicos e cinético-funcionais.Objetivos Descrever os achados clínicos e cinético-funcionais de uma criança com síndrome de Treacher Collins que frequenta o setor de Fisioterapia da Associação Pestalozzi de Goiânia, bem como apresentar a evolução da função motora e desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor durante seu tratamento de reabilitação.Materiais e métodos As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas com a mãe, por avaliações realizadas aos nove e onze meses de idade, pela ficha de avaliação neurológica infantil, Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO) e Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM).Resultados O GMFM demonstrou que a criança obteve maior evolução nas dimensões deitar e rolar, sentar, engatinhar e ajoelhar e menor evolução nos itens das dimensões em pé, andar, correr e pular. No IPO a criança evoluiu em todos os itens avaliados nas áreas estimulação infantil, desenvolvimento motor, socialização, autocuidados, cognição e linguagem.Conclusão A criança apresentou evolução no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de acordo com o esperado para a sua idade e avaliação inicial. Sugere-se que crianças com esta síndrome sejam acompanhadas por uma equipe multidisciplinar nos primeiros anos de vida, visando à prevenção de atrasos e desvios no desenvolvimento infantil.

Genetic Autosomal Dominant Disorders: A Knowledge Review / Trastornos Autosómicos Dominantes: Una Revisión de los Conocimientos

Genetic disorders occur by excess or absence of chromosomal material, and the consequence of these changes is reflected in morphological and physiological changes. Autosomal disorders, which have dominant inheritance, as cleidocranial dysostosis, Craniofacial syndrome Apert, Treacher Collins and Achondroplasia have peculiar and similar characteristics. Because of their implications in the dental field, the aim of this review is to report on dysostoses, through exposure of general clinical factors and highlighting the signs in the oral cavity. Articles were selected from Lilacs, PubMed and Bireme databases, included in the year 2007­2014, and the keywords were: cleidocranial dysplasia, craniofacial dysostosis, mandibulofacial dysostosis, dysostosis and oral. Alterations of maxillofacial bones and craniofacial are well documented in the literature, but studies reporting an association between treatment odontologic and dysostoses are scarce. In conclusion, Oral pathological manifestations developed cause difficulty in speech, chewing, breathing, social involvement, and in a general perspective, psychological impairment and physical limitations.

Las enfermedades genéticas se producen debido a un exceso o ausencia de material cromosómico, y la consecuencia de estos cambios se refleja en los cambios morfológicos y fisiológicos. Trastornos autosómicos dominantes que tienen herencia dominante, como la disostosis cleidocraneal, el síndrome craneofacial de Apert, Treacher Collins y acondroplasia tiene características peculiares y similares. Debido a sus implicaciones en el campo de la odontología, el objetivo de esta revisión es hablar, a través de la exposición de los factores clínicos y generales, destacando los signos en la cavidad oral. Se seleccionaron los artículos de las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed y BIREME, incluyendo los años 2007-2014, y las palabras clave fueron: displasia cleidocraneal, craneofacial mandibulofacial disostosis, disostosis y oral. Los cambios de huesos maxilofaciales y craneofaciales están bien documentados en la literatura, pero los estudios que informaron una asociación entre el tratamiento dental y disostosis son escasos. En conclusion, las manifestaciones orales son causas de dificultades del habla, masticación, respiración y la participación social.

Coocorrência de síndrome de Treacher-Collins e de síndrome de Down: relato de caso e conduta / Co-occurrence of Treacher-Collins syndrome and Down syndrome: case report and conduct

A síndrome de Treacher-Collins é uma malformação hereditária rara do primeiro e segundo arcos branquiais, enquanto a síndrome de Down ou trissomia do cromossomo 21 é a mais frequente alteração cromossômica humana. Este estudo descreve a coocorrência dessas síndromes, constituindo-se no segundo relato até agora descrito na literatura. Evidencia também que o seu diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequadodas malformações craniofaciais são fundamentais para prevenir a ambliopia e melhorar a qualidade de vida.

Treacher-Collins syndrome is a rare, inherited malformation of the first and second brancheal arches and Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is the most common human chromosomal alteration. This study describes the co-occurrence of these two syndromes, and is the second report so far ever to do so in the literature. It also shows that early diagnosis and proper treatment of craniofacial malformations are essential to prevent amblyopia and to improve quality of life.

Results of the implantation of bone-anchored hearing aids in patients with treacher-collins syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Treacher-Collins syndrome is characterized by craniofacial malformations, narrowing of the external auditory canal (EAC), and, in 30% of cases, agenesis of the canal and ossicular chain defects. The use of hearing aids (HA) is not possible in cases in which agenesis or stenosis of the EAC accompanies conductive deafness. In contrast, bone conduction implants such as the Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA®) allow direct stimulation of the cochlea and are thus superior to conventional hearing aids in cases of severe conductive hearing loss. OBJECTIVE: To present 2 cases of patients with Treacher-Collins syndrome who underwent implantation of BAHA®. CASES REPORTS: The first patient was a 52-year-old woman diagnosed with Treacher-Collins syndrome who presented with severe bilateral mixed hearing loss and a history of unsuccessful previous use of a bone contact conduction device. The BAHA® implantation was uneventful, and the post-operative results were good. The second patient was a 14-year-old girl who was also diagnosed with Treacher-Collins Syndrome with bilateral moderate conductive hearing loss by audiometry. The use of a bone vibrator contact device did not improve her hearing; however, implantation of a BAHA® resulted in a decreased gap postoperatively. FINAL COMMENTS: BAHA® hearing devices provide adequate rehabilitation and consequent improvement of the quality of life in patients with Treacher-Collins syndrome.

As alterações fonoaudiológicas na síndrome de Goldenhar: relato de caso / Speech, language and hearing deficits in the Goldenhar syndrome: case report

O objetivo do trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico sobre a síndrome de Goldenhar e realizar um levantamento das alterações fonoaudiológicas encontradas no mesmo. O presente estudo foi realizado com uma criança de seis anos e oito meses, do gênero masculino, com diagnóstico da síndrome de Goldenhar. Para o estudo foi realizada anamnese e o paciente foi submetido às avaliações de motricidade orofacial, audiologia clínica completa, educacional e vectoeletronistagmografia computadorizada, voz e linguagem oral e escrita. Foram observadas as seguintes alterações: dificuldade de vedamento labial, bochechas e olhos assimétricos, mordida aberta anterior, amígdalas palatinas hipertróficas e micrognatia, respiração do tipo oro-nasal, dificuldade de coordenação pneumofônica, hábito bucal de apertamento; qualidade vocal ruim com presença de tensão laríngea durante a fonação, habilidades auditivas alteradas, perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau profundo bilateral, curva timpanométrica do tipo A, com ausência de reflexos acústicos, ausência de dados patognomônicos de alteração central no teste vestibular. O paciente não possui fala fluente, faz uso da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, leitura orofacial e gestos para se comunicar, apresenta dificuldades de leitura e escrita e o desenvolvimento de linguagem está adequado à sua faixa etária. Pode-se concluir que é importante que o paciente com a síndrome de Goldenhar receba um acompanhamento multidisciplinar, o que lhe proporcionará um diagnóstico precoce, uma intervenção adequada e um desenvolvimento global satisfatório.

The aim of this study was to report a case and analyze the speech, language and hearing deficits observed in the Goldenhar syndrome. The study reports the case of a male six years, eight months old child diagnosed with Goldenhar syndrome. The history of the patient was carried out, and he was submitted to oral motricity, voice, educational, verbal and written language evaluations, full audiological exam, and computerized vectoeletronistagmography. The following alterations were observed: difficulty in closing the lips, asymmetrical cheeks and eyes, anterior open bite, hypertrophic palatine tonsils, micrognathia, oro-nasal breathing, difficulty with pneumophonic coordination, dental tightness, poor vocal quality with presence of laryngeal tension during phonation, poor auditory abilities, profound bilateral sensory loss, type A tympanometric curve with absence of acoustic reflexes, absence of pathognomonic signs of central alteration on the vestibular test. The patient does not have fluent speech, uses the Brazilian Sign Language, orofacial reading and gestures to communicate, presents reading and writing difficulties and chronologically adequate language development. It can be concluded that it is important to the patient with the Goldenhar syndrome to receive multidisciplinary follow-up, which will provide early diagnosis, adequate intervention and satisfactory global development.

Você conhece esta síndrome? / Do you know this syndrome?

A síndrome oculoauriculovertebral, mais comumente conhecida como síndrome de Goldenhar, pode ser diagnosticada pelo dermatologista. Achados como hipoplasia/aplasia de pavilhão auricular e alterações vertebrais, e a presença de trago acessório encontrados no paciente são elementos-chave para a suspeita da síndrome. Sua identificação é de suma importância dada a possibilidade de outras alterações sistêmicas, com impacto até no prognóstico do paciente. Após a confirmação diagnóstica, é interessante a abordagem multidisciplinar e integral em função da potencial pluralidade de manifestações que podem ocorrer na síndrome.

The Oculoauriculovertebral Syndrome, more commonly known as the Goldenhar Syndrome, can be diagnosed by the dermatologist. Findings such as hypoplasia/aplasia of the auricular pavilion, vertebral alterations and accessory tragi are the key elements for the suspicion of the syndrome. Its identification is of utmost importance, given the possibility of other systemic alterations, with impact also on the patient's prognosis. After confirmation of the diagnosis, an integral and multidisciplinary attention is important, because of the plurality of manifestations that can occur in the syndrome.